Body Coordination (Human Endocrine System)

Good morning class! Today you are going to learn a new chapter which is human endocrine system. What is endocrine system? The endocrine system is one of the systems in the body that coordinates body functions that involve chemical substances. 

Now watch this video.

Question 1: What are the hormones involved and the function of the hormones in the video? Answer in the comments below. Make sure you write down your name and class.

Next watch this video to show the way the hormone coordination acts.

This shows the main endocrine glands and their position in the body.

Today, you are going to do a powerpoint presentation in your own group. Look at the exercise below:

Practice 7.1 (In the textbook)

Prepare a powerpoint presentation that shows the main endocrine glands

Instructions:

1. Carry out this activity in groups.

2. Gather information from the Internet, reference books, magazines and articles on:

(a) position of the endocrine glands

(b) type of hormones secreted

(c) function of each hormone

3. Submit to teacher today.

References:

1. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/endocrine-glands-and-their-hormones

2. Science KSSM Form 4 Textbook

3. Youtube video

Chapter 6: Support, Movement & Growth (Support, Growth and Stability in Plants)

Content Standard:

Support, growth and stability in plants

Learning standard:

Explain the support systems in terrestrial and aquatic plants.

Determine the age of woody plants.

Learning Activity:

Good morning class. Today we we are going to learn about support system in plants.

What is the support system in plants and why you think plants require support?

Now let us watch this video.

Video 1: Structure and function of stem

Video 2: Structure and function of root

A support system will help plants to stand vertically to obtain sunlight.

The support system ensures the leaves are exposed to sunlight to carry put photosynthesis.

Support is also needed to accommodate the plant weight and provide strength to withstand wind.

The main support for plants is the stem and root.

The plant stem - support its own weight and also the weight of leaves, flowers and fruits

The root- provides support to the plant by gripping the soil.

Question 1: Why do plants require support?

Now let us look at the support system of terrestrial and aquatic plants.

First, let us look at terrestrial plants. They can be divided into woody plants and herbaceous plants (non-woody).

Woody plants are usually big and tall.

The support system for woody plants is the hard, strong and tough woody tissue. It is built from lignin.

Non woody plants depend on stored water in the cells of the stem for support. These plants obtain their support from the turgidity of the cells. They are soft and they will wilt when they lack water. Now watch this video.

Video 3: Woody and Non-woody plants

Question 2: What are the differences between the support of woody plants and non-woody plants?

Some plants form a special structure to provide additional support, and some climb onto other support to obtain sunlight. Now let's look at the example below.

Video 3: Types of terrestrial plant roots

Question 3: State the type of roots that you watch in this video.

Next aquatic plants. They do not have woody tissue but they obtain their support from the water buoyancy force. Aquatic plants also have stems and leaves that have aerenchyma tissue. What is aerenchyma tissue? It consists of thin-walled cells and form air spaces in the aquatic plants. These buoyancy of these plants is aided by the air spaces.

Question 4: What are the differences between the support of the terrestrial and the aquatic plants?

How to determine the age of woody plants?

The most common method is to determine the growth rings that are present in the plant stem.

Now let us watch this video.

Video 5: How to determine the age of the tree

Question 5: From the video, state the method used to determine the growth rings that are present in the plant stem.

Please answer all the questions in the comments below. For examples:

Name:

Class:

Question 1:

Question 2:

Question 3:

Question 4:

Question 5:

That's all for today class. Thank you for your participation. Have a good day.

Chapter 6: Support, Movement & Growth (Human Growth Pattern)

Content Standard:

Movement and Human Growth

Learning Standard:

Explain the pattern of human growth.

Compare and contrast the growth pattern between male and female.

Learning Activity:

Good morning everyone. Today we are going to learn about human growth pattern. Before we start, let us watch this video.

What is human growth?

Human growth is a process where changes occur in terms of size, total number of cells, weight, shape size and body function. 

It is permanent and irreversible process.

Human growth occurs to the whole body and is different according to the sex and age.

HUMAN GROWTH STAGE

Let us look at the human growth curve. What is the shape of the curve?

Is there any different of growth pattern between males and females? Now study this growth pattern.

Exercise:

1. State two parameters that can be used to measure the human growth rate.

2. Explain the shape of the growth curve for males and females.

3. Describe briefly the effect of diet on growth rate.

4. How can the growth rate be measured.

Answer in foolscap paper.

Submit your answer via the link below.

https://script.google.com/macros/s/AKfycbyfd7ziRJYsvUEOX04Y8B5d7OmFjavXwh_0z9xq39-juavW_Cw/exec

Note: Please write your name on your file image before you upload  the file/image.

References:

1. KSSM Science Textbook Form 4

2. https://www.slideshare.net/nirmalajosephine1/biology-form-5-chapter-4-46-growth-in-multicellular-organisms

3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bPMeXUeAI1Y

Chapter 6: Support, Movement & Growth

Content Standard:
Movement and Human Growth

Learning Standard:
Explain the functions of joints and muscles in movement

Learning Activities:

Good morning students. Welcome back from your school holiday. We are going to continue our lesson about support, movement and growth. If you have your Science textbook with you, turn to page 128 - 129. Today we are going to learn about human movement and growth. 

In the previous lesson, you have learnt about human skeletal system. You also have drawn the human skeletal system. These are some of the best drawing of human skeletal system.

By Albright 4B

By Bethanysha 4B

By Vivian 4B

The skeletal system and muscles enable humans to move. Skeletal muscles contract and relax to produce movement. They act in pairs and in opposite direction to one another that is known as antagonistic muscles. 

Diagram 1: Antagonistic movement of muscles to bend and straighten the arm

This movement is very important because it enables humans to walk, jump, run, swim and etc. Now let us watch this video.

Now let's move on to the functions of joints and muscles in movement. The joint is the meeting place between two or more bones. There are two types of joint.

1. Immovable joint - joint that does not allow the limbs to move e.g joint at the skull

Diagram 2: Immovable skull joint

2. Moveable joint - joint that allows the limbs to move e.g hinge joint at the elbow

Diagram 3: Hinge joint

Now watch this video to understand more about hinge joint.

Exercise: 

Answer the questions below in a foolscap paper/ A4 paper. Please refer to your textbook/ reference book/ Internet or any sources to help you to answer this question.

1. Explain the antagonistic movement of muscles in the arm. 

2. Explain the function of ligament, synovial fluid and tendon at the joint.

3. Explain what are the causes of muscle cramps and ways to prevent it from happening.

Submit your answer via the link below.

https://script.google.com/macros/s/AKfycbyfd7ziRJYsvUEOX04Y8B5d7OmFjavXwh_0z9xq39-juavW_Cw/exec

Note: Please write your name on your file image before you upload  the file/image.

References: 

1. https://www.quora.com/How-do-agonist-and-antagonist-muscle-pairs-work-together-in-weight-lifting
2. https://www.eorthopod.com/eorthopodV3/index.php?ID=57dd4157f9f946ff9d8c512ba8a92e6b&disp_type=topic_detail&area=47&topic_id=34857ee6e5e248055b714e7077a732b6
3. https://biology.homeomagnet.com/bone-joint/
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9LhQxnOqTQ
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u8ni-b8uyzU

Chapter 6: Movement (Support Systems and the Factors of Stability in Animals)

Content Standard: 
Support, movement and growth in animals

Learning Standard:
Relate support system with animal’s stability

Learning Activities:

Good morning class. Today we are going to learn about support systems and the factors of stability in animals. A good support system enables an animal to move more smoothly and efficiently. The stability of an animals is different according to the point of equilibrium of the animal's support system. Before that, let's watch this amazing video.

CENTRE OF GRAVITY

The centre of gravity refers to the point of equilibrium of a support system or an object. It is the point where the weight of the support system or the object acts to balance the position of the support system or the object. Look at the diagram below. The centre of gravity is right in the middle of the object. This is the point where it keeps the object balanced.

The position of the centre of gravity in animals plays important roles in animals. Now let's  think between horse and tortoise. Which animals do you think is more stable?The lower the animals, the lower the centre of gravity and the more stable it is. The higher the animals, the higher the centre of gravity and the less stable it is.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT STABILITY

Stability is the ability of an object to maintain its original position. There are two factors that affect stability of an object that is:

1. Centre of gravity - the lower the centre of gravity, the more stable the object

2. Base area - the bigger the base area, the more stable the object

Watch the video below to understand more about the factors that affect stability.

SOLUTIONS FOR ANIMALS WITH STABILITY PROBLEM

Tall animals have problems to maintain their balance in their daily life. For example, the tall giraffe faces difficulty in drinking water. How do they overcome this problem? Watch this video.

The same condition is also faced by the kangaroos. This is because kangaroos jump and stand using two hind legs. The front feet of the kangaroo are not used for standing. This cause they become unstable when moving. How do they overcome the problem? Watch the video below.

Practice:
Answer the questions below in a piece of paper. Make sure to write down your name and class on the paper before submit it in the WhatsApp group. 
1. State the two factors that affect the stability of an animal.
2. What is centre of gravity?
3. What is the relationship between the height of an object and its stability?
4. Explain the way the giraffe stands while it is drinking water.
5. Between crocodile and camel, which animals is more stable. Explain your answer.

That's all for our lesson today. Complete your work by 4pm today. Thank you.

References:
1. KSSM Form 4 Science Textbook
2. http://sailskills.co.uk/Stability/sailskills_stability_stability_explained_centre_of_gravity.html
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9z0tHI-4_gc
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wjo0FeRtNME
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nf4H20UCYJs

Chapter 6: Movement (Comparing the strength of the compact bone with the hollow bone)

Content Standard: 
Support, movement and growth in animals

Learning Standard:
Carry out an experiment to differentiate the strength of compact bones with hollow bones.

Learning Activity:

Good morning students. Today we are going to compare the strength of the compact bone with the hollow bone by doing a simple and easy experiment at home. Before you do the experiment, let us see look at the characteristics of compact bone and hollow bone.

Structures of compact bone and spongy/ hollow bone

COMPACT BONE
Terrestrial vertebrates such as elephants have big, compact and strong bones. This is because the whole of its body weight is supported by the endoskeleton.

Compact bone

HOLLOW BONE
Birds have hollow bones to enable them to fly. Hollow bones have several advantages:
(a) light and strong
(b) allow the vertebrates to move more quickly
(c) need less calcium and phosphorus

Spongy/Hollow bone

Now you already understand the difference between compact bone and hollow bone. Now it is time to do the experiment. Before you start, watch the video below:

Video 1

Video 2

Exercise:

For today's exercise, each one of you need to submit an experiment report and ONE photo of you conducting the experiment TODAY by 4pm. Please refer to the experiment report format below.

Name: __________________
Class: __________________

Aim: To compare the strength of the compact bone with the hollow bone
Problem statement: Is the hollow bone stronger than the compact bone?
Hypothesis: The hollow bone is _____________ than the compact bone.
Variables: 
(a) manipulated: Type of cylinders (hollow or compact)
(b) responding: Number of textbooks that can be supported by the cylinders
(c) Length of the cylinder

Materials: A4 paper, cellophane tape, box covers
Apparatus: Textbooks, scissors

Diagram:

Model A

Model B

Procedure: 
1. Make a compact cylinder with a diameter measuring 2.5 cm. Stick the upper and lower ends of the paper roll with a cellophane tape. Make three more similar roles.

Diameter 2.5 cm

2. Stick each cylinder at the corners of the box cover and name the structure as table model A as in Diagram above.
3. Make a hollow cylinder with a diameter measuring 5 cm. Stick the upper and lower ends of the paper roll with a cellophane tape. Make three more similar roles.

Diameter 5 cm

4. Stick each cylinder at the corners of the box cover and name the structure as table model B as in Diagram above.
5. Place the textbooks one by one on top of each table model A and B until the paper rolls bend.

Result:

Cylinder	Number of textbooks that can be supported
Hollow
Compact

Conclusion: ________________________________________________
Questions: 
1. What is represented by:
(a) the paper rolls of table model A?
(b) the paper rolls of table model B?
2. Suggest two advantages of the support system that is represented by the paper rolls of table model B.

References:
1. Science Form 4 KSSM Textbook
2. https://diffzi.com/compact-bones-vs-spongy-bones/
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JoykM7EDwIE
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5fwUt3D21nE

Chapter 6: Movement (Human Skeletal System)

Content Standard:

Support, Movement and Growth in Animals

Learning Standard:

Dissect the human skeletal system

Learning Activities:

Hi everyone! How are you doing? I think everyone already know that Conditional Movement Control Order (CMCO) is extended until 9th June 2020. But do not worry because we still can learn Science via online. As long as you follow the lesson, I believe you can learn as much as you learn in school. So be positive and stay strong. "Syok juga bah kan belajar di rumah"  So today's lesson is very simple. We are going to learn about human skeletal system. If you have Science textbook with you, turn to page 122 and 123. "If you don't have, don't worry bah, you still can learn."

HUMAN SKELETAL SYSTEM

• Human skeleton is made up of 206 bones of various sizes and shapes. The human skeleton can be divided into two parts, that are the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. 
• The axial skeleton consists of: skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs
• The appendicular skeleton consists of: pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs

Diagram 1: Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton

Diagram 2: Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton with label

AXIAL SKELETON

SKULL		CRANIAL BONES: to protect bones FACIAL BONES: to provide the basic shape of the framework for the face and also to support the teeth
VERTEBRAL COLUMN		Consists of 33 small bones Bones are connected to form a strong and flexible column To protect spinal cord
RIBS & STERNUM		12 pairs of ribs 7 pairs attached to the sternum 3 pairs indirectly connected by cartilage 2 pairs hang freely To protect the main organs (heart and lungs)

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

PECTORAL GIRDLE		Connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton. Consists of clavicle and scapula
UPPER LIMB		Consists of humerus, radius, ulna, carpus, metacarpus and phalanx.
PELVIC GIRDLE		Connected to the axial skeleton Supports weight, protects the bladder and reproductive organs
LOWER LIMB		Consists of femur, tibia, fibula, tarsus, metatarsus and phalanx

Exercise:

Draw and LABEL a complete human skeletal system on A4 paper. Please draw as nice as possible. Submit before 4pm today (12th May). That's all for today. If you already learn about human skeletal system, just leave comments below. All comments are much appreciated. Have a good day and stay at home.

References:

1. Science (DLP) KSSM Form 4 textbook
2. https://www.slideshare.net/Firedemon13/axial-skeleton-parts-1-2
3. http://ciaranbtecsportblog.blogspot.com/2015/09/cranium-cranium-is-located-just-above.html
4. http://www.napavalley.edu/people/briddell/Documents/BIO%20105/Ess%20of%20AP%209%20ed/8e_START_HERE_CH07_LECTURE.pdf
5. https://www.spineuniverse.com/anatomy
6. https://www.quora.com/How-do-pectoral-girdle-and-pelvic-girdle-differ
7. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ap1x94x1/chapter/the-lower-limbs/

Chapter 6: Movement (Hydrostatic skeleton and the function of endoskeleton)

Content standard:

Support, movement and growth in animals

Learning standard:

Relate hydrostatic skeleton with movement

Elaborate the function of endoskeleton in animals

Lesson activity:

Welcome back! Today we are going to learn how hydrostatic skeleton bring about movement and the function of endoskeleton in animals.So first, let's talk about hydrostatic skeleton. Do you still remember examples of animals that have hydrostatic skeleton?If you did the previous exercise (powerpoint presentation), i believe you still remember. So, before we discuss about the movement of hydrostatic skeleton, let's watch this video.

In earthworms, the skeleton consists of pressurized fluid within a cavity in the body known as the coelom. The coelom extends throughout the body and is separated into many segments. Although the segments are interconnected, the worm is able to move them independently.Surrounding the fluid-filled coelom are two sets of muscles. Circular muscles wrap around each segment, and longitudinal muscles extend across the length of the body. These muscles are powerful and well-developed. The circular and longitudinal muscles work together to help the earthworm writhe, wiggle and push its way through the substratum of soil.Worms are also covered in short, bristly hairs called chaetae. The chaetae are normally held inside the earthworm's body, but they are extended when the worm is burrowing or anchoring itself in the soil. These chaetae act as an anchor so that the worms can then pull the rear part of their bodies forward. Diagram below shows how the earthworms look like when longitudinal muscles and circular muscles contract.

Diagram 1: The longitudinal muscles and circular muscles

Diagram 2: The "must have" parts in earthworms to able them to move.

Ok. Watch this video to understand more the movement of earthworm.

Next, let's discuss the function of endoskeleton in vertebrates animals. The endoskeleton of vertebrates is an internal scaffolding to which muscles attach and against which they can pull. Vertebrates animals can be divided into three which are land vertebrates, aquatic vertebrates and birds. The function of the endoskeleton in each vertebrates are different depending on their habitat. The entire body of land vertebrates is supported by the endoskeleton. So they have large and strong skeletons.Land vertebrates have a long column of backbone, strong and big pectoral and pelvic girdles to support their body weight. Aquatic vertebrates have very small and weak pectoral and pelvic girdles. A large part of their body is supported by the buoyancy of water. Buoyancy is force from water which allows an object to float. 

Diagram 3: The pectoral and pelvic girdle in two different vertebrates.

Birds have hollow bones to enable them to fly. Advantages of hollow bones are light and strong, allow vertebrates to move faster, and require less calcium and phosphorus. That is why  birds can move faster than the land vertebrates. Now watch this video.

Diagram 4: The comparison between land vertebrates and aquatic vertebrates

Thank you for your participation in today's lesson. Please complete the exercise below.

Exercise:

Click this link below to do the exercise:

https://forms.gle/A23jE48tcesU8ZiQ8

References:

1. https://kingdomanimalia12.weebly.com/phylum-annelida.html

2. https://www.slideshare.net/nirmalajosephine1/biology-form-5-chapter-2-locomotion-support-21-part-1

3.https://books.google.com.my/books?id=lgqYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8-IA1&lpg=PA8 IA1&dq=function+of+endoskeleton+in+animals+science+form+2&source=bl&ots=wSoxlOopiH&sig=ACfU3U3QiffXVOVGHVEStoPeo_Fg9CDinQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOs5yJ8KLpAhVV73MBHVJKCwIQ6AEwCXoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=function%20of%20endoskeleton%20in%20animals%20science%20form%202&f=false